Novelist Edith Wharton was born Edith Newbold Jones in New York in 1862 and raised among the city’s highest society; the elegance, decadence, and strict unwritten rules of behavior of this American aristocracy were to become a central subject of her fiction. One of the fabled Four Hundred—the city’s most elite residents as determined by Caroline Astor and Ward McAllister based on the number that could comfortably fit in Astor’s ballroom—Wharton wrote with a shrewd eye toward the hypocrisy, cruelty, and corruption sometimes evident in the conduct of her social class.

Shortly after the turn of the twentieth century, Wharton moved to Paris; she never gave up her United States citizenship and returned to the States with some regularity, but for the rest of her life, France was her home. The majority of Wharton’s more than twenty novels, including Ethan Frome (1911), The Custom of the Country (1913), and A Son at the Front (1923), were written in France, after Wharton had fled the repressive culture of her New York circle. In spite of her distance from the city and its high society, however, Wharton continued to write about it, making it the subject of some of her best writing, including her well-respected novel The Age of Innocence (1920) and a collection of four short novels, Old New York (1924).